Table of Contents
Example Sentences
Personal Pronoun + Verb + Possessive Pronoun + Noun
1st singular.
| Language | Sentence |
|---|---|
| German | Ich lese mein Buch. |
| English | I read my book. ( I am reading my book.) |
| Spanish | Yo leo mi libro. |
| Portuguese | Eu leio meu livro. |
| French | J'ai lu mon livre. (Form without 'ai possible?) |
2nd person singular.
| Language | Sentence |
|---|---|
| German | Du liest dein Buch. |
| English | You read your book. ( You are reading your book.) |
| Spanish | Tú lees ti libro. |
| Portuguese | Tu lees teu libro. (Not sure about the verb) |
| French | Tu lis ton livre. |
3rd person singular.
| Language | Sentence |
|---|---|
| German | Er liest sein Buch. |
| English | He reads his book. ( He is reading his book.) |
| Spanish | Él lee su libro. (???) |
| Portuguese | Ele lê seu libro. |
| French | Il lit son livre. |
Notes: Two english tenses are combined into one (progressive tense?)
Articles
Definite
| Language | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| English | the | the |
| German | der, die / das | die, die, die |
| Spanish | el, la | los, las |
| Portuguese | o, a | os, as |
| French | le / l', la / l' | les, les |
In English “an” is used before nouns beginning with a vowel sound , e.g. “an hour”.
In French “le” and “la” become “l'” before nouns beginning with a vowel or a mute “h”.
Spanish also has a neuter article “lo” used with ideas, beliefs and concepts.
Indefinite
| Language | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| English | a, an | - |
| German | ein, eine | - |
| Spanish | un, una | unos, unas |
| Portuguese | um, uma | uns, umas |
| French | un, une | des, des |
Plural forms of articles are used with plural nouns, similar to “some” in English.
Pronouns
Personal
Singular
| Language | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
|---|---|---|---|
| English | I | you | he, she, it, you |
| German | ich | ihr | er, sie, es / Sie |
| Spanish | yo | tú / vos | él, ella / usted |
| Portuguese | eu | tu | ele, ela / você |
| French | je, j' | tu | il, elle, on |
Plural
| Language | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
|---|---|---|---|
| English | we | you | they |
| German | wir | ihr | sie / Sie |
| Spanish | nosotros (as) | vosotros (as) | ellos, ellas / ustedes |
| Portuguese | nós | vós | eles, elas / vocês |
| French | nous | vous | ils, elles |
Direct Object
Singular
| Language | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
|---|---|---|---|
| English | me | you | him, her, it |
| German | mich | dich | ihn, sie, es |
| Spanish | me | te | lo, la |
| Portuguese | me | te | o / a |
| French | me / m' | te / t' | le / l', la / l' |
Plural
| Language | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
|---|---|---|---|
| English | us | you | them |
| German | uns | euch | sie |
| Spanish | nos | os | los, las |
| Portuguese | nos | vos | os / as |
| French | nous | vous | les |
Indirect Object
| Language | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
|---|---|---|---|
| English | me | you | him, her, it |
| German | mich | dich | ihn, sie, es |
| Spanish | me | te | le |
| Portuguese | me | te | lhe |
| French | me | te | lui |
Plural
| Language | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
|---|---|---|---|
| English | us | you | them |
| German | uns | euch | sie |
| Spanish | nos | os | les |
| Portuguese | nos | vos | lhes |
| French | nous | vous | leur |